This study primarily aims to investigate the effect of sustainability disclosure and economic fluctuations on the performance of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In recent years, increased attention to non-financial reporting and heightened economic instability have underscored the need to simultaneously analyze the internal and external factors influencing corporate performance. Accordingly, sustainability disclosure and economic fluctuations have been considered as independent variables, with corporate performance as the dependent variable. The statistical population of the study comprises 128 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and the research timeframe covers a 10-year period from 2014 to 2023. The required data has been extracted from the financial statements and published reports of the companies and analyzed using the panel data method and multivariate regression models. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that sustainability disclosure has a positive and significant impact on corporate performance, while economic fluctuations exert a negative and significant effect on companies' performance. The findings suggest that increased transparency in sustainability reporting can lead to improved performance indicators; however, instability in macroeconomic variables weakens the performance capabilities of companies. The results of this research can be beneficial for managers, investors, and capital market policymakers in promoting transparency and economic stability.